第六节 常用生物医药学词汇（Vocabularies of bio-medical sciences）
forehead额头，temple太阳穴，hair头发，skull颅骨，头盖骨，bald head秃头，neck脖子，face脸，cheek脸颊，ear耳，ear drum耳膜，auditory canal耳道，eye眼，lid眼睑，eyebrow眉毛，eyelid睫毛，pupil瞳孔，iris虹膜，nose鼻子，nostril鼻孔，nasal cavity鼻腔，philtrum人中，mouth嘴，lip嘴唇，throat咽喉，tonsil扁桃腺，tooth牙齿，denture假齿，gum牙龈，crown齿冠，root/fang齿根，tongue舌头，`uvula小舌，tonsil扁桃体，vocal cord声带，chin下巴，jaw颚，mustache小胡子，beard山羊胡，whisker络腮胡，sidebums鬓角，wrinkle皱纹，mole痣，freckle 雀斑，dimple酒涡，pimple粉刺； nipple乳头，chest胸部，navel肚脐，abdomen腹部，shoulder肩，back背，waist腰，hip臀部，buttock屁股，collarbone 锁骨，rib肋骨，backbone脊骨，脊柱，breastbone胸骨，joint关节，pelvis 骨盆，sinew肌腱，muscle肌肉，bone骨，skeleton骨骼，blood vessel血管，vein静脉，artery动脉，capillary毛细血管，nerve神经，spinal marrow脊髓； armpit腋下，arm手臂，elbow手肘，wrist手腕，hand手，handback手背，hand palm手掌，finger手指，thumb大拇指，forefinger/index finger食指，middle finger中指，ring finger无名指，little finger小指，nail指甲，fist拳头，leg腿，thigh大腿，shank小腿，knee膝，knee joint膝关节，kneecap膝盖，calf腿肚，ankle脚踝，foot足，instep脚背，sole脚掌，heel后跟，toe脚趾； respiratory tract呼吸道，GI tract/alimentary canal消化道，trachea/windpipe气管，thyroid gland甲状腺，lymph node淋巴结，esophagus/gullet食管，lung肺，heart心脏，diaphragm隔膜，stomach胃，liver肝脏，gallbladder胆囊，duodenum十二指肠，appendix阑尾，small intestine小肠，large intestine大肠，colon结肠，rectum直肠，anus肛门，bladder膀胱，pancreas胰腺，spleen脾，kidney肾，urine尿道，ovary卵巢，womb子宫； CNS(central nervous system)中枢神经系统，PNS(peripheral nervous system) 外周神经系统，brain脑，cerebrum大脑，cerebellum小脑，brainstem脑干，motor nerve运动神经，sensory nerve感觉神经； gland腺体，endocrine gland内分泌腺，pituitary gland脑垂体，hypothalamus下丘脑，adrenal gland肾上腺，sex gland性腺。 tissue组织，organ器官，evolution进化， homeostasis稳态， kingdom界，phylum门，class纲，order目，family科，genus属，species种，prokaryotes原核细胞，eukaryotes真核细胞，structure结构，function功能，ecological system生态系统，environment环境，anatomy解剖学，bioengineering生物工程，bioinformatics生物信息学，biomedical research生物医药研究，biophysics生物物理，biotechnology生物技术，botany植物学，developmental biology发育生物学，genetics遗传学，microbiology微生物学，neuroscience神经科学，pathology病理学，physiology生理学，psychology心理学，zoology动物学； organelle细胞器，centrosome中心体，membrane膜，plasma membrane细胞膜，cell wall细胞壁，chloroplast叶绿体，cilium纤毛，cytoplasm细胞质，cytoskeleton细胞骨架，rough/smooth endoplasmic reticulum粗面/光面内质网，endosomes内体，golgi apparatus高尔基体，lipid bilayer脂质双分子层，lysosome溶酶体，microvilli微绒毛，mitochondrion线粒体，nucleus细胞核，peroxisome过氧化物酶体，ribosome核糖体，vacuole液泡，vesicle囊泡，growth生长，development发育，divide分化，proliferation增殖，replication复制，regeneration复生，specialization分化，migration迁移，cell death死亡，necrosis坏死，apoptosis凋亡，mitosis有丝分裂，meiosis减数分裂，cell cycle细胞周期，active/passive transport主动/被动运输，autophagy自噬，adhesion附着，cell signaling pathway细胞信号通路，transcription转录，translation翻译；cell culture细胞培养，immunostaining免疫染色，DNA microarray DNA阵列芯片，mutation突变，inheritance遗传，knockdown敲低，knockout敲除，PCR，transfection转染，cell fractionation细胞器分离，flow cytometry流式细胞仪，immunoprecipitation免疫沉淀，protein extraction蛋白质分离，intracellular胞内，endocytosis吞噬作用，photosynthesis光合作用，respiration呼吸作用； metabolism代谢，macromolecule生物大分子，nucleic acid核酸，protein蛋白，carbohydrate碳水化合物，lipid脂质，fatty acid脂肪酸，amino acid氨基酸，nutrition营养，chromatography色谱分析法，X-ray diffraction X射线衍射，Dual polarisation interferometry双偏振干涉法，NMR spectroscopy核磁共振，radioisotopic labeling同位素标记，electron microscopy电子显微镜，molecular dynamics simulations分子动态模拟，enzyme酶，enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay（ELISA）酶联免疫吸附测定， monosaccharide单糖，oligosaccharide寡糖，polysaccharide多糖，glucose葡萄糖，saccharose/sucrose蔗糖，fructose果糖，lactose乳糖，deoxyribose脱氧核糖，cellulose纤维素，glycogen糖原，sodium pyruvate丙酮酸钠，tricarboxylic acid cycle/Krebs cycle三羧酸循环，Adenosine TriPhosphate三磷酸腺苷，phospholipids磷脂，glycolipids糖脂，sphingolipids鞘磷脂，glycerol甘油，triglyceride甘油三脂，hydrophilic亲水的，hydrophobic疏水的，amphiphilic两亲的，cholesterol胆固醇，sterols固醇类，essential amino acid（isoleucine，leucine，lysine，methionine，phenylalanine，threonine，tryptophan，valine，arginine，histidine），nonessential amino acids（alanine，asparagine，aspartate，cysteine，glutamate，glutamine，glycine，proline，serine，tyrosine），primary structure一级结构，secondary structure二级结构，α-helix，β-sheet，tertiary structure三级结构，quaternary structure四级结构，deoxyribonucleic acid（DNA），reverse反向，complementary互补，purine嘌呤，pyrimidine嘧啶，adenine腺嘌呤，guanine鸟嘌呤，cytosine胞嘧啶，thymine胸腺嘧啶，uracil尿嘧啶，second messenger第二信使，glycolysis糖酵解，acetyl-CoA乙酰辅酶A，gluconeogenesis糖异生，phosphorylation磷酸化作用，kinase激酶，hormone激素； molecular cloning分子克隆，polymerase聚合酶，plasmid质粒，antibiotic resistance抗生素抗性，promotor region启动子区域，transformation转化，electropho`resis电泳，Western blotting蛋白印迹，Southern blotting DNA印记，Northern blotting RNA印记，transgenic mice转基因小鼠，allele等位基因，agarose琼脂糖，polyacrylamide聚丙烯酰胺，buffer缓冲液，electrostatic force静电力，salt bridge盐键，Van der Waals force范德华力，subunit亚基，allosteric effect变构效应，covalent interaction共价作用，polar极性的，antigen抗原，antibody抗体，ligand配体，receptor受体，reversible可逆的，competitive竞争性的，regulation调节，asymmetry不对称； pharmacy/pharmaceutical sciences药学，pharmaceutical chemistry 药物化学，pharmacology药理学，pharmacodynamics药效学，pharmaceutics制剂学，pharmacognosy生药学，toxicology毒理学，drug action药物作用，etiological treatment对因治疗，symptomatic treatment对症治疗，adverse reaction不良反应，side effect副作用，toxic reaction毒性反应，allergy reaction变态反应，agonist激动剂，antagonist拮抗剂，inhibitor抑制剂，efficacy效能，placebo安慰剂，potency效价，first pass effect首过效应，bioavailability生物利用度，half-life time半衰期，steady state plasma concentration稳态血药浓度，physical dependence躯体依赖性，psychic dependence精神依赖性，tolerance耐受性，resistance耐药性，additive附加剂，desiccant干燥剂，drug excretion药物排泄，drug absorption药物吸收，drug interaction药物相互作用，drug elimination药物消除，drug accumulation药物蓄积，carcinogenic test致癌实验，teratogenic test致畸实验，sensitization test致敏实验； average dose平均剂量，minimal/maximum dose最小/大有效量，daily dose日剂量，multiple dose多计量，divided dose分次剂量，overdose过量，fatal/lethal dose致死量，single dose单次剂量，indicated dose有效剂量，standard dose合适剂量，initial/beginning/starting dose首次剂量，suggested/recommended dose推荐剂量，maintenance dose维持量，therapeutic dose治疗剂量，usual/normal dose常用剂量，every…hours，intervals of…，once/twice a day，every other day，divided into…doses； adolescents，infant，adult，male/female，newborns，children，debilitated patients（体弱患者），pregnant women，senile patient（老年患者）； intra-arterially，oral/by mouth，intragluteally臀部注射，intramuscularly，intraperitoneally腹腔给药，intravenously静脉，intrapleurally胸腔，intraarticatar关节，intranasal鼻内，locally局部，subcutaneously皮下，sublingually舌下，submucously粘膜下，aerosol喷雾，per rectum直肠，by lumbar腰椎给药； aerosol/spray/inhaler气雾剂，ampoule针剂/安瓿，capsules胶囊，oral solution口服液，coated tablets包衣片，pill丸剂，cream乳膏，powder粉剂，retard capsules缓释胶囊，dragee糖衣丸，drops滴剂，emulsion乳剂，suppository栓剂，granule颗粒，suspension混悬液，injection针剂，liniment搽剂，syrup糖浆，liquid液剂，ointment药膏，mixture合剂，adjuvant佐剂； acidosis酸中毒，alkalosis碱中毒，alcoholism /alcoholic intoxication酒精中毒，anaphylaxis过敏反应，anemia贫血，arteriosclerosis动脉硬化，apoplexy中风，auricular fibrillation心房纤颤，asthma哮喘，bronchitis支气管炎，pneumonia肺炎，carcinoma癌，cardiac arrhythmia心率紊乱，cardiac failure心衰，cardiomyopathy心肌症，cirrhosis肝硬化，diabetes糖尿病，dysentery痢疾，enteritis肠炎，gastric ulcer胃溃疡，gastritis胃炎，gout痛风，hepatitis肝炎，hyperipemia高脂血症，hypertension高血压，hyperthyroidism甲亢，hypoglycemia低血糖，influenza流感，leukemia白血病，lymphoma淋巴瘤，malaria疟疾，malnutrition营养不良，measles麻疹，nephritis肾炎，pancreatitis胰腺炎，renal failure肾衰，rheumatic fever风湿病，rheumatoid arthritis类风湿性关节炎，scarlet fever猩红热，septicemia败血症，syphilis梅毒，tumor肿瘤，ulcerative colitis溃疡性结肠炎，upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage上消化道出血； brain `abscess脑脓肿，cerebral embolism脑栓塞，cerebral infarction脑梗死，cerebral hemorrhage脑出血，concussion脑震荡，epilepsy癫痫，intracranial tumor颅内肿瘤，meningitis脑膜炎，migraine偏头疼，neurasthenia神经衰弱，neurosis神经官能症，Parkinson’s disease帕金森综合症，Alzheimer’s disease老年痴呆，psychosis精神病，schizophrenia精神分裂症，bipolar disorder躁郁症，attention deficit hyperactivity disorder注意力不集中ADHD，delusion/hallucination幻觉； acute pancreatitis急性胰腺炎，acute diffuse peritonitis急性弥漫性腹膜炎，anal fissure/fistula肛裂/篓，anesthesia麻醉，angioma血管瘤，appendicitis阑尾炎，burn烧伤，colon carcinoma，esophagus carcimnoma，hepatocellular carcinoma，cholecystitis胆囊炎，cholelithiasis胆结石，joint dislocation关节脱臼，fracture骨折，haemorrhoid痔，prostate hypertrophy前列腺肿大，intestinal obstruction肠梗阻，lipoma脂肪瘤，lithangiuria尿路结石，liver abscess肝脓肿，osseous tuberculosis骨结核，osteroporosis骨质疏松症，osteosarcoma骨肉瘤，prostatitis前列腺炎，rectal polyp直肠息肉，spleen rapture脾破裂，tetanus破伤风，trauma创伤，urinary infection泌尿感染； acute necrotic enteritis急性坏死性结肠炎，ancylostomiasis钩虫病，ascariasis蛔虫病，newborn asphyxia新生儿窒息，atrial septal defect房间隔缺损，cephalhematoma头颅血肿，cerebral palsy脑瘫，convulsion惊厥，Down’s syndrome唐氏综合症，hemophilia血友病，infantile diarrhea婴儿腹泻，intussusception肠套叠，neonatal jaundice新生儿黄疸，poliomyelitis脊髓灰质炎，premature infant早产，progressive muscular dystrophy进行性肌肉营养不良，rickets佝偻病，newborn sepsis新生儿败血症，thrush真菌性口炎，varicella水痘； aborion流产，dystocia难产，eclampsia子痫，infertility不育症，irregular menstruation月经失调，pelvic inflammatory disease盆腔炎，pregnancy-hypertension syndrome妊娠高血压，postpartum hemorrhage产后出血； amblyopia弱视，astigmatism散光，cataract白内障，color blindness色盲，glaucoma青光眼，hyperopia远视，myopia近视，heterotropia斜视，iritis虹膜炎，keratitis角膜炎，chalazion麦粒肿，tonsillitis扁桃体炎，tinnitus耳鸣，deafness耳聋，labyrinthitis内耳炎，otitis media中耳炎，pharyngitis咽炎，rhinitis鼻炎； Bensylpenicillin / Penicillin G青霉素/青霉素G，Amoxicillin阿莫西林，Cefalexin/Cephalexin/Keflex先锋IV，Amikacin阿米卡星，Gentamycin庆大霉素，Streptomycin链霉素，Erythromycin红霉素，Roxithromycin罗红霉素，Acetylspiramycin乙酰螺旋霉素，Tetracycline四环素，Oxytetracycline土霉素，Chloramphenicol氯霉素，Sulfadiazine磺胺嘧啶，Trimethoprim加氧苄啶，Furazolidone呋喃唑酮，Norfloxacin诺氟沙星，Ofloxacin氧氟沙星，Ciprofloxacin环丙沙星，Metronidazole甲硝唑，Aciclovir阿昔洛韦，Moroxydine吗啉胍； Chloroquine氯喹，Nitroquine硝喹，Quinine奎宁/金鸡纳霜，Artemisinin青蒿素，Pyrimethamine乙胺嘧啶； iperazine哌嗪/祛蛔灵，Pyrantel噻嘧啶/抗虫灵，Albendazole阿苯达唑； Aspirin/Acetylsalicyclic Acid阿司匹林/乙酰水杨酸，Paracetamol/Acetaminophen扑热息痛/对乙酰氨基酚，Ibuprofen布洛芬，Ketoprofen酮洛芬，Pethidine/Dolantin哌替啶/杜冷丁，Morphine吗啡； Losartan氯沙坦，Valsartan缬沙坦，Nifedipine硝苯地平，verapamil维拉帕米，Nicardipine尼卡地平，Propranolol普萘洛尔，Nitroglycerin硝酸甘油，Lovastatin洛伐他丁，Colestipol降胆宁，Nicotinic acid烟酸，Eicosapentaenoic acid二十碳五烯酸EPA，docosahexaenoic acid二十二碳六烯酸DHA，Linoleic acid亚油酸， Codeine/Methylmorphine可待因/甲基吗啡，Pentoxyverine/Carbetapentane喷托维林/咳必清，Dioxopromethazine二氧丙嗪；Ephedrine麻黄碱，dextromethorphan右美沙芬，Bromhexine溴己新，Ambroxol氨溴索， Domperidone/Motiliun吗丁啉，Compound bismuth aluminate胃必治，Cimetidine西咪替丁，Weisen-U胃仙U，Belladonna颠茄，Methylatropine Bromide溴甲阿托品/胃疡平，Metoclopramide甲氧氯普胺； Alcohol乙醇，Sodium benzoate苯甲酸钠，Iodine碘，Hydrogen peroxide双氧水，Potassium Permanganate高锰酸钾；Procaine普鲁卡因，Lidocaine利多卡因，Isoflurane异氟烷，Nitrous oxide氧化亚氮，Ketamine氯胺酮，Sodium oxybate羟丁酸钠，Thiopental sodium硫喷妥钠，Propofol丙泊酚； Fluocinolone acetonide肤轻松，Clotrimazole克霉唑，Miconazole达克宁； Diphtheria antitoxin白喉抗毒素，Tetanus antitoxin破伤风抗毒素，Rabies antiserum抗狂犬病血清； Hydrogen氢，Helium氦，Lithium锂，Beryllium铍，Boron硼，Carbon碳，Nitrogen氮，Oxygen氧，Fluorine氟，Neon氖，Sodium钠，Magnesium镁，Aluminium铝，Silicon硅，Phosphorus磷，Sulfur硫，Chlorine氯，Argon氩，Potassium钾，Calcium钙，Iron铁，Nickel镍，Copper铜，Zinc锌，Bromine溴，Silver银，Tin锡，Iodine碘，Platinum铂，Gold金，Mercury汞，Lead铅，Periodic table元素周期表 Hydrogen chloride氯化氢，Carbon monoxide/dioxide一/二氧化碳，Acid酸，Alkali碱，Salt盐，Oxide氧化物，Sodium hydroxide氢氧化钠，Sulfuric acid硫酸，Nitric acid硝酸，Phosphoric acid磷酸，Carbonic acid碳酸，Sodium chloride氯化钠，Perchloric acid高氯酸，Chloric acid氯酸，Chlorous acid亚氯酸，hypochlorous acid次氯酸，Sodium carbonate碳酸钠，Sodium bicarbonate碳酸氢钠，Potassium sulfate硫酸钾，Calcium nitrate硝酸钾，water水，hydrogen peroxide双氧水， iso-异，neo-新，cis-顺，trans-反，pri-伯，sec-仲，tert-叔，ortho-邻，meta-间，para-对，-ane…烷，-ene…烯，-yne/ine…炔，methane甲烷，ethene乙烯，butene丁烯，butadiene丁二烯，butatriene丁三烯，ethyne乙炔，butyne丁炔，hexadiyne己二炔，cyclohexane环己烷，methyl甲基，ethyl乙基，propyl丙基，3-methyl-1-butene3-甲基-1-丁烯，benzene苯，1,3,5-trimethylbenzene1,3,5-三甲苯，chlorobenzene氯苯，nitrobenzene硝基苯，phenol苯酚，aniline苯胺，methanol甲醇，ethanol乙醇，glycerin/propanetriol甘油/丙三醇，1,4-benzenediol 1,4-苯二酚，diethyl ether乙醚，ethyl methyl ether甲乙醚，1,2-dimethoxyethane 1,2-二甲氧基乙烷，methanal甲醛，ethanal乙醛，propanone/dimethyl ketone丙酮/二甲基酮，cyclohenanone环己酮，acetic acid醋酸，benzoic acid苯甲酸，formic acid甲酸，dodecanoic acid十二酸，octadecanoic acid十八酸，oxalic acid草酸，methyl ethanoate/acetate乙酸甲酯，ethyle propanoate丙酸甲酯，butyl benzoate苯甲酸丁酯，ethylamine乙胺，dimethylamine二甲胺，methylpentanenitrile甲基戊腈 methane甲烷，ethane乙烷，propane丙烷，butane丁烷，pentane戊烷，hexane己烷，heptane庚烷，octane辛烷，nonane九烷，decane十烷，undecane十一烷，dodecane十二烷，tridecane十三烷，tetradecane十四烷，pentadecane十五烷，hexadecane十六烷，heptadecane十七烷，octadecane十八烷，nonadecane十九烷，icosane二十烷，heneicosane二十一烷，docosane二十二烷，tricosane二十三烷，tetracosane二十四烷，pentacosane二十五烷，hexacosane二十六烷，heptacosane二十七烷，octacosane二十八烷，nanocosane二十九烷，triacontane三十烷，tetracontane四十烷，pentacontane五十烷，hexacontane六十烷，heptacontane七十烷，octacontane八十烷，nonacontane九十烷 carboxy羧基，sulfo-磺酸基，R-oxycarbonyl烃氧羰基，halo carbonyl卤甲酰基，carbamoyl氨甲酰基，cyano-氰基，formyl甲酰基，hydroxy-羟基，amino-氨基，R-oxy羟氧基，halo-卤代，fluoro-氟代，chloro-氯代，bromo-溴代，iodo-碘带，nitro-硝基，nitroso-亚硝基，-carboxylic acid/-oic acid酸，-sulfonic acid磺酸，R-oate/R-carboxylate酯，-oyl halide酰卤，-amide酰胺，-nitrile腈，-al醛，-one酮，-ol醇酚，-amine胺，-ether醚。
英语选修8unit2-3课文原文 求准确性！！
unit2 ：Cloning has always been with us and is here to stay.It is a way of making an exact copy of another animal or plant.It happens in plants when gardeners take cuttings from growing plants to make new ones.It also happens in animals when teins idrntical in sex and appearance are produced from the same original egg.The fact is that these are both examples of natural clones.Cloning has two major uses.Firstly, gardeners use it all the time to produce commercial quantities of plants. Secondly, it is valuable for research on new plant species and for medical research on animals. Cloning plants is straightforward while cloning animals is very complicated.It is a difficult task to undertake. Many attempts to clone mammals failed. But at last the determination and patience of the scientists paid off in 1996 with a breakthrough— the cloning of Dolly the sheep. The procedure works like this:1 Female sheep A provides an egg cell.2 The nucleus is removed from the egg cell.3 The egg cell is ready for a new nucleus.4 Female sheep B provides a somatic cell for the clone. The nucleus of this cell contains all the genes needed to produce a new sheep.5 The nucleus is taken out of the somatic cell.6 The nucleus from sheep B and the egg cell from sheep A are joined using electricity.7 The cell divides and grows into an embryo.8 The embryo is put into female sheep C,who becomes the carrier of the clone.9 The lamb is the clone of the donated cell from sheep B which provided the nucleus.
优秀初中英语微课教案
微课，是指运用信息技术按照认知规律，呈现碎片化学习内容、过程及扩展素材的结构化数字资源。下面为大家分享了初中英语微课的教案，一起来看看吧！
一．教材分析
教学内容
本单元的中心话题是“克隆”，克隆这个词学生还是很感兴趣的，所以课前老师可以叫他们通过讨论和阅读有关克隆的内容，了解克隆的含义、克隆的技术发展、克隆对人类带来的好处以及人类对克隆这一问题的争议。阅读部分介绍了植物与动物克隆的区别、多莉羊的诞生与死亡以及由此引发的争论。帮助学生进一步认识克隆的意义在于解决医学上的难题，为人类服务。
教材处理
本科结合教材的实际对教材内容、编排顺序等进行了调整、删除和补充，把阅读前、阅读中和阅读后三部分有机整和起来。
(1) 导入新颖，激发兴趣。“读前阶段”通过图片导入的形式，激活学生大脑中的图式。同时，结合标题预测，使学生对即将阅读的内容有一定的预测，激发阅读兴趣。
(2) 循序渐进、创意安排。“读中阶段”引导学生进行语篇的整体感知，了解课文的概况；培养学生同义转换及归纳概括的能力。
(3) 适度拓展、开发思维。“读后阶段”拓展学生的发散性思维，在训练学生阅读技能的基础上了解克隆这门生物技术以及有关的争议。
二．teaching goals（教学目标）
target language（目标语言）
a．important words and expressions
clone, commercial, producer, undertake, arbitrary, object, forbid, accumulate, cast down, object to, the media, in favour of
b．important sentences
1) but at last the determination and patience of the scientists paid off in1996 with a breakthrough---the cloning of dolly the sheep.
2) altogether dolly lived six and a half years, half the length of the life of the original sheep.
3) the fact that she seemed to develop normally was very encouraging.
4) then came the disturbing news that dolly had become seriously ill.
ability goals （能力目标）
enable the students to describe cloning: what is the advantages of cloning? what is the problems or dangers of cloning? what is your opinion of cloning?
learning ability goals（学能目标）
help the students learn how to describe cloning.
三．teaching important points （教学重点）
how to describe cloning.
四．teaching difficult （教学难点）
help the students analyze the writing techniques of the article.
五．teaching methods（教学方法）
skimming, task-based method and debate method.
六．teaching aids（教具准备）
a recorder, a projector and some slides.
teaching procedures & ways
stepⅰ lead-in
导入部分由两个步骤组成：
首先让学生观看有关克隆动物和植物的图片。通过图片，学生们立刻领悟了本课的主题，并带着兴趣开始观看。
学生在体验中产生探究的兴趣后，为了启发学生思考，设计了四个问题，以激发学生的思维。
teacher: in pairs, look at these pictures and discuss which ones are natural clones and which ones are man-made. think about how they differ.
student: i think the twins and a strawberry plant are natural clones; the dolly sheep and growing new plants are man-made.
after several minutes, teacher ask some questions and let students answer these questions.
teacher: 1. dolly the sheep. it’s the most famous sheep in the world. do you know how dolly is different from other sheep?
student: she was cloned while the others were born naturally. it is the copy of another sheep.
teacher: 2. what can you see in the picture?
student: i can see a strawberry plant producing runners in a natural form of cloning.
teacher: 3.who cut the stem off the plant?
student: a gardener. and the gardener is going to put it into a pot to produce another plant. he is actually making a copy of the plant.
teacher: 4.what do you know about twins?
student: there are twins of the same sex and those of different sexes. the twins here are identical in sex and appearance and are good examples of natural clones. they carry the same genetic information. the fertilized egg has split into two while inside the mother, and so produced two identical human babies.
step ⅱ pre-reading
通过阅读文章标题，引导学生对课文内容进行预测，调动学生已有的背景知识，使其产生阅读的兴趣，快速进入阅读状态。然后让学生通过快速阅读来验证自己的预测，使自身处于一种主动认知的状态。
before class, ask the students to search for some information about this topic. now show my questions on the screen, and then let them discuss with each other.
questions about cloning:
1.what is a clone?
2. how is a clone produced?
3. what benefits can humans gain from cloning?
4. what problems may arise when humans are cloned?
suggest answers:
1. a clone is an animal or plant produced naturally or artificially from the cells of another animal or plant and is exactly the same as it.
2. the cloning of plants is simple and relativity easy. it can be done by taking cuttings (man-made cloning) or letting the plant produce its own runners (natural cloning). the cloning of animals is more complicated. it was not achieved until 1996 and is fully explained in the first reading.
3. 1) medical cloning can help cure serious illnesses that ruin one’s quality of life (such as parkinson’s disease帕金森症 or alzheimer’s disease老年痴呆症).
2) it can help infertile people have babies.
4. 1) people may want to clone themselves so they can live forever.
2) people may want to clone dead children.
3) people may want to clone their favorite pets.
step ⅲ while-reading
teacher: now let’s listen to the tape. then i will give you 20 minutes to read this passage again. while reading , you should finish the following three tasks.
task 1 summarize the main idea of each paragraph.
学生通过略读本文，快速找出每段的主题句，从整体上把握文章内容，不但了解此类型文章的篇章结构，学习此类型文章的写作，而且便于下一步查读。
para 1. cloning is a way of making an exact copy of another animal and plant.
para 2. cloning has two major uses.
para 3. the birth and death of dolly.
para 4. the effect of dolly.
para 5. it is forbidden to clone human beings.
task 2 read the text carefully and fill in the blanks.
学生个人先通过查读，快速找到特定信息，然后小组组员之间交流各自的答案，有疑义的地方，经过讨论，最终确定答案。这不仅让学生了解文章的具体内容，而且培养学生阅读的能力和互帮互助的团队合作精神。
task 3 choose the best answer.
在阅读的’过程中，让学生结合文章对这些问题进行思考。一方面，可以培养学生的综合阅读能力，另一方面，加强学生对文章的进一步理解。
1). the main idea of the text is____
a. animal cloning is very valuable and can benefit the world.
b. animal cloning could be misused by bad people so it must be forbidden
c. animal cloning is well developed because dolly the sheep was born.
d. animal cloning raised arguments and scientists are not sure about its future.
2). ________ is used in the procedure for cloning dolly the sheep.
a. the nucleus of sheep a
b. the somatic cell of sheep a
c. the nucleus of sheep b
d. the embryo of sheep c
3). the cloning of dolly the sheep succeeded because____. a. its easier to clone a sheep than other animals b. the scientists were determined and worked hard with patience
c. the scientists were rewarded and got lots of money
d. many other attempts to clone mammals failed
4). the lamb is the clone of the cell from sheep because_____. a. it provides the egg cell b. it gives birth to the lamb c. it provides the nucleus d. it is a female sheep
5). dolly the sheep-----------.
a. looked exactly like the sheep that provides the egg
b. was the exact copy of the sheep that provides the nucleus
c. looked like the sheep that gave birth to it
d. had the characteristics of all three sheep
6). it can be inferred from the passage that a cloned animal ----------.
a. usually lives as long as the original one
b. usually lives longer than the original one
c. usually dies earlier than the original one
d. is usually as healthy as the original one
7). which of the following is wrong?
a. cloned people would live forever.
b. cloned people may be killed at will for medical aid.
c. a woman would have difficulty recognizing her real husband.
d. men will die out because a woman can give birth to a baby without a husband
8). the sheep that donated the somatic cell most probably lived ____ years. a. 3 b. 6 c. 12 d. 13
9). which of the following is not an advantage of cloning?
a. cloning can be used for medical purposes.
b. large quantities of food can be produced by cloning.
c. famous persons who have passed away can be cloned.
d. cloning can help keep animals from becoming extinct.
10). in the second paragraph, the word “straightforward” means ____.
a. uncomplicated b. honest c. frank d. difficult
step ⅳ post-reading
学生已经通过略读、查读和细读，抓住了文章脉络，理解了文章内容。在此基础上，要求 更深一步理解文章，因此设计了几道习题，进一步培养和考察学生的阅读理解能力。
exercise 1 the following statements are about cloning. read them and decide if they are true or false. write the letter “t” if the statement is true. write “f” if it is false.
1). cloning means making a copy of an animal or a plant. (f)
2). gardeners can make a lot of money by cloning plants. (t)
3). cloning animals is as complicated as cloning plants. (f)
4). dolly the sheep was the first successful clone of a mammal. (t)
5). natural clones happen in animals as well as in plants. (t)
exercise 2 read the passage again and answer these questions.
1). what are the two major uses of cloning?
2). why is it easier to make commercial plant clones than animal clones?
3). what was the first clone from an adult animal? at what age did this clone die?
4). why is cloning controversial in some countries?
step ⅴ language points
使学生理解和掌握一些重点词汇的用法，进一步培养使用英语语言的能力，并加深对文章的理解。
1. identical adj.
① (常与with连用) 完全相同的
eg. these two designs are almost identical.
my opinion is identical with his.
②还有“同一的，同样的”的意思
eg. we are identical in our views of what should be done.
2. cast down :feeling unhappy and depressed (多用于被动结构或做表语) 沮丧；低沉。
eg. he was much cast down by the failure of the experiment.
anyone would be cast down by news such as that.
3. forbid vt.
vt. (to command someone not to do something) 禁止,不准
forbid sth/doing sth 禁止(做)某事 forbid sb to do sth 禁止某人做某事 forbid that … 禁止……
allow 允许,准许
allow sth/doing sth 允许(做)某事
allow sb to do sth 允许某人做某事
eg. the law forbids the sale of cigarettes to people under the age of 16.
the law forbids building on this land.
4. accumulate
vt. 收集，堆集
eg. he accumulated fortune by hard work.
the purpose of education is not just accumulating information.
vi.
eg. dust accumulated during my absence.
归纳拓展：
accumulate可作及物动词和不及物动词，表示: 收集, 聚集, 堆积。
另外 accumulation n. 积聚
如: the accumulation of knowledge 知识的积聚
step ⅵ homework
受课堂时间的限制，学生对课文的理解有限，因此布置学生课后再阅读课文，并且让学生对克隆这一现象进行评价，归纳出克隆的好处以及克隆存在的问题
what are the advantages and disadvantages of cloning?
complete the exercises on page 13
